Thermoelectric (TE) materials with high figure-of-merit (ZT) are of fundamental and practical interest for energy conversion. Low-dimensional nanoscale materials provide new possibilities to improve ZT based on quantum effects. The use of quantum dots, wires and wells as TE materials is an active area of study. However, most investigations focus on TE nanomaterials (e.g., Bi@sub 2@Te@sub 3@, Bi) for refrigerator (cooling) applications. We propose to study a new class of boron-based TE nanomaterials that will operate at high temperature, and be used for power generation. In this presentation, recent experimental results on synthesis of n-type boron-based TE one-dimensional nanostructures (i.e., CaB@sub 6@, SrB@sub 6@ and BaB@sub 6@ nanowires) will be reported. The nanostructures were synthesized by pyrolysis of diborane (B@sub 2@H@sub 6@) over certain metal oxide powders (e.g., calcium oxide (CaO) for synthesis of CaB@sub 6@) at elevated temperature and low pressure. The experiments were performed in a home-built low pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD) system. Gold (Au), Nickel (Ni), Platinum (Pt) and Palladium (Pd) are effective catalytic materials for growth of aforementioned hexaboride TE nanostructures. The as-synthesized nanostructures were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Raman spectroscopy. Possible mechanisms for the growth of these novel boron-based TE nanostructures will be presented. Combined with other properties of boron-based materials (e.g., low-density, superior mechanical properties, excellent thermal and chemical stability), these new TE nanostructures may find applications in the automotive industry and in high temperature micro- and nanoelectromechanical systems (MEMS and NEMS), electronics, and others.