AVS 59th Annual International Symposium and Exhibition
    Energy Frontiers Focus Topic Tuesday Sessions
       Session EN+TF-TuM

Invited Paper EN+TF-TuM3
Materials and Process Options for Cu(InGa)Se2 Thin Film Solar Cells

Tuesday, October 30, 2012, 8:40 am, Room 15

Session: Chalcogenide Solar Cells II
Presenter: W.N. Shafarman, University of Delaware
Correspondent: Click to Email

Two approaches to depositing thin films of Cu(InGa)Se2 and related alloys have been developed in the laboratory and are being implemented in large scale photovoltaics manufacturing. Precursor reaction processes use precursor films containing Cu, Ga, and In deposited by methods such as sputtering, printing, or electrodeposition chosen to provide potential manufacturing benefits. These are reacted in hydrogen selenide gas or elemental Se vapor to form the semiconductor absorber layer. Elemental co-evaporation is a single step process in which fluxes of all species are delivered to a hot substrate. Advantages and critical issues for these processing approaches will be compared. One of the materials options for Cu(InGa)Se2-based absorber layers is the opportunity to alloy the film to increase its bandgap. This is desirable because the increased solar cell voltage can be advantageous for large scale module performance. Wider bandgap can be achieved by increasing the relative Ga content or by alloying with S, Al or Ag, but in all cases the cell efficiency decreases as the absorber layer bandgap increases beyond 1.2-1.3 eV. Alloying and composition control is generally straightforward using co-evaporation since these alloys form continuous solutions. With precursor reaction, however, chemical pathways to film formation are partly controlled by preferential reaction of Se with In instead of Ga, leading to aggregation of the Ga at the back of the film and, effectively, low bandgap. Multi-step reaction profiles can be used to control through-film composition in this case. For wide bandgap cells, recent results with the combination of Ag alloying and higher Ga content show promise. This includes improved optical properties, evidence of reduced structural disorder and improved performance with high open circuit voltage solar cells. The incorporation of Ag in both the precursor reaction and co-evaporation processes will be described.