The modification of surfaces with polymers for the promotion of cell outgrowth either in a dense layer or following a distinct pre-determined pattern is a challenging field of research with possible applications in the field of medical implants as well as for specific sensor devices. We present results from various studies in our group that range from the modification of bioimplant surfaces (e.g. glutar aldehyde treated porcine heart valves) with polymer monolayers in order to allow for a re-endothelialization of these devices to the arrangement of neuronal cells on a substrate by depositing synthetic and natural polymers on these chips in the form of a microarray. We will put a strong emphasis on synthetic approaches for establishing a strong, i.e. usually covalent interaction between the polymeric coating and the substrate in order to guarantee a sufficient long-term stability of the layer assemblies. These assemblies may be polymer monolayers as well as networks and we will also report on strategies for the incorporation of biological functions such as cell adhesion motifs or peptides. Finally, approaches for the laterally patterned deposition of these layers will be discussed.