The Science and Technology (S&T) Directorate is one of four directorates in the newly formed Department of Homeland Security (DHS). Its Office of Research and Development includes National and Federal Labs, University programs, and activities focused on standards, test & evaluations, and bio-countermeasures. The Plans, Programs and Budget Office will determine broad lines of R&D that will be carried out by the Office of Research and Development and the Homeland Security Advanced Reaerch Projects Agency. While DHS is not fundamentally a basic research agency/funder, the S&T Directorate will engage in both applied research and rapid prototyping of near-ready products. Longer-term exploratory research will be conducted by University programs or through the Homeland Security Advanced Projects Agency, a new component of the S&T Directorate.