AVS 56th International Symposium & Exhibition
    Thin Film Tuesday Sessions
       Session TF1+SE-TuM

Paper TF1+SE-TuM9
On the Uniformity of Films Fabricated by Glancing Angle Deposition

Tuesday, November 10, 2009, 10:40 am, Room B3

Session: Glancing Angle Deposition I
Presenter: N.G. Wakefield, University of Alberta, Canada
Authors: N.G. Wakefield, University of Alberta, Canada
J.C. Sit, University of Alberta, Canada
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Films fabricated using the glancing angle deposition technique are subject to significant variations in important film parameters across a sample due to varying geometric conditions at each point on the substrate. This is a serious fundamental problem, as non-uniformities in aspects such as film thickness or porosity can drastically change a film’s properties across even a small sample size. This means that film properties can vary rapidly, and undesirably, with position over a substrate and attempting to scale technologies based on glancing angle deposition to large areas presents a major challenge. This paper presents a method to quantify the non-uniformities in these quantities, starting from a simple geometric framework, applicable to physical vapor deposition at low pressures. In this work, this method is applied to glancing angle depositions done at a fixed deposition angle, but with arbitrary azimuthal substrate rotation. Quantities such as the effective deposition angle and the mass flux at any point on the substrate can be determined purely from the geometry of the deposition setup. Predicting further quantities such as the film porosity and thickness requires additional, material specific information that is easily obtainable. For a TiO2 deposition at α = 70° on a 10 cm substrate, dependent on the film’s structure, porosity and thickness non-uniformities are found to range from ±1.7% to ±8.2% and ±1% to ±30% respectively. Experimental values were obtained using Mueller matrix spectroscopy and showed excellent agreement. The technique described here is general and can be applied to glancing angle deposition setups having arbitrary substrate size and throw distance. The ability to accurately model the gradients in quantities such as the film porosity, allows for a combinatorial approach to examine film properties such as refractive index, absorption or conductivity across a single substrate. Further improvements to the model should allow for the treatment of depositions done at varying deposition angles and with curved substrates.